Global nuclear power splits: China's giants vs. the West's mini-reactors

The global nuclear power industry is at a crossroads. China has rapidly expanded its capacity, while Western developers focus on smaller, modular designs. Both approaches aim to meet rising electricity demand with low-carbon energy. Since 2016, China has nearly doubled its nuclear output to almost 60 gigawatts. The country is building large, gigawatt-class pressurised water reactors at a steady pace. This strategy contrasts with trends in the West, where miniaturisation is gaining traction.

In the U.S., small modular reactors are attracting investment. A micro-reactor developer recently achieved criticality under a Department of Energy pilot programme. Yet, only two new reactors have been completed in recent years, both at Georgia’s Vogtle plant.

Elsewhere, Germany has chosen to phase out nuclear power entirely. Meanwhile, many nations are adopting atomic energy to cut emissions and secure reliable electricity supplies. The industry now faces key challenges. Nuclear waste management remains unresolved. The central question is which approach—large-scale plants or smaller designs—will bring new power online faster.